Content :-

• Material & Components
• History and Scope
• Size & Wall Thickness
• Standards
• Wall Thickness Design with ASME B31.3
• Length
• End Preparation
• Pipe Manufacturing
• Difference Between Pipe & Tube
• Material
• API 5L
• Pipe Connection.

What is Piping Engineering ?
Piping Engineering course is one-of-a-kind. This course is structured to raise the level of expertise in piping design and to improve the competitiveness in the global markets. This course provides various piping system designs, development skills and knowledge of current trends of plant layout. The students are given case studies to develop their professional approach.

Introduction to :

• Piping Engineering and role of Piping engineer in various fields
• Industry functioning and plant overview
• Function of process equipment and their piping requirement.

Detailed Study of :

• Various piping system
• Procedure of designing piping system
• Material selection for various process services
• Piping elements, their joining methods
• Relevant standards / Codes, their importance and applications
• Valves & Nozzles

Document Study :

• Use of vendor data in design
• Various documents required for plant design

Preparation of :

• Piping material specification
• Valve specification and data sheets
• Nozzle orientation of process equipment
• Bill of Material at various stages
• Isometric drawings and final MTO
• Development of :
• Equipment layout
• Piping layout
• Industrial Plot Plan 

Download PDF 

Cold room compressors are essential components of refrigeration systems, responsible for compressing refrigerant and circulating it through the system to maintain low temperatures. Different types of compressors are used based on the cold room's size, cooling needs, and other factors. Here are the main types of cold room compressors:
 

1. Reciprocating Compressors
*Operation: Uses pistons driven by a crankshaft to compress refrigerant gas.
*Applications*: Suitable for medium to large cold rooms and is widely used in commercial and industrial refrigeration.
*Advantages*: High efficiency, reliable, and can handle varying load conditions.
*Disadvantages*: Higher maintenance due to many moving parts, higher noise levels, and less efficient at part loads.

2. Scroll Compressors
*Operation: Uses two interleaved spiral-shaped scrolls to compress refrigerant. One scroll remains stationary while the other orbits around it.
*Applications: Common in small to medium-sized cold rooms and HVAC systems.
*Advantages: Quiet operation, high reliability (fewer moving parts), and energy-efficient, especially at partial loads.
*Disadvantages: Not as effective in very large systems or for systems with high fluctuations in cooling demand.

3.Screw Compressors
*Operation: Utilizes two helical screws that rotate and compress the refrigerant gas as it passes between them.
*Applications: Ideal for large cold rooms, industrial refrigeration, and continuous operations.
*Advantages: Very efficient, capable of handling large capacities, continuous operation, and smoother compression compared to reciprocating compressors.
*Disadvantages: High initial cost and complexity, but low maintenance costs.

 4. Centrifugal Compressors
*Operation: Uses a rotating impeller to impart kinetic energy to the refrigerant gas, converting it into pressure.
*Applications: Used in very large cold rooms and industrial refrigeration systems requiring high cooling capacities.
*Advantages: High efficiency in large-scale applications, fewer moving parts, and capable of handling high volumes of refrigerant.
*Disadvantages: Limited to larger systems, expensive, and less efficient at part-load conditions.

5.Rotary Compressors
*Operation: Uses a rotating mechanism (often a vane or scroll design) to compress the refrigerant.
*Applications: Typically used in small cold rooms and residential or light commercial applications.
*Advantages: Compact, quiet, and relatively low cost.
*Disadvantages: Not suitable for larger capacities, and efficiency decreases at high loads.

6. Hermetic and Semi-Hermetic Compressors
*Hermetic Compressors: These are fully sealed units where the compressor and motor are enclosed in a single housing, making them highly reliable and leak-proof. Common in smaller systems.
*Semi-Hermetic Compressors: These are partially sealed, allowing for easier access for maintenance or repairs, typically used in larger or more complex systems.

Each type of compressor is suited for specific refrigeration needs, and the choice depends on factors like the cold room size, energy efficiency requirements, and budget.

Installing a Thermal Expansion Valve (TXV) is a critical process in an HVAC system to regulate the flow of refrigerant into the evaporator. Here's a step-by-step guide to help you install a TXV properly:

Tools and Materials Needed:-
TXV (ensure it matches the system's requirements)

• Adjustable wrenches
• Refrigerant oil
• Tube cutter
• Flaring tool (if needed)
• Torque wrench
• Thermometer
• Leak detection equipment
• Safety gear (gloves, goggles)

Step-by-Step Installation: 

1. Prepare the System:
*Turn off the power: Ensure the HVAC system is completely powered off to avoid any electrical hazards.
*Recover the refrigerant: Safely recover the refrigerant from the system using proper recovery equipment to prevent environmental harm and ensure safety.

2. Access the Evaporator:
*Open the system: Gain access to the evaporator where the TXV will be installed. This usually involves removing the service panel or evaporator cover.
*Remove the existing device: If there's a metering device like a capillary tube or an old TXV, carefully remove it.

3. Install the TXV:
*Connect the inlet and outlet: Attach the inlet of the TXV to the liquid line and the outlet to the evaporator coil using the appropriate fittings.
- Use a tube cutter to ensure clean cuts, and ensure there are no burrs or debris.
*Seal connections: If using flare fittings, ensure they are properly sealed to prevent leaks. Tighten using a torque wrench to the manufacturer's specifications.
*Mount the sensing bulb:
- Attach the TXV sensing bulb securely to the suction line near the evaporator outlet.
- The bulb should be mounted at the 4 or 8 o'clock position to ensure proper heat transfer.
- Use metal straps or clamps to secure the bulb tightly.
*Insulate the bulb: Wrap the sensing bulb with insulation to prevent it from being affected by ambient temperatures.

4. Refrigerant Line Connections:
*Apply refrigerant oil: Apply a small amount of refrigerant oil to the flare fittings before making connections to improve the seal.
*Check for leaks: Use a leak detection tool to check all connections before proceeding.
 

5. Evacuate the System:
*Vacuum the system: Use a vacuum pump to evacuate the system and remove any air or moisture from the refrigerant lines.
*Check vacuum level: Ensure the system reaches the appropriate vacuum level (usually around 500 microns) and holds steady, indicating no leaks.
 

6. Recharge the System:
*Add refrigerant: Recharge the system with the correct type and amount of refrigerant as specified by the manufacturer.
*Monitor pressures: Use a set of gauges to monitor the system pressures and ensure proper operation.
 

7. Test the System:
*Restore power: Turn on the power to the HVAC system.
*Check operation: Observe the system’s operation, including the super heat and sub cooling levels, to ensure the TXV is functioning correctly.
*Adjust the TXV (if necessary): Some TXVs are adjustable; if needed, make fine adjustments to achieve optimal performance.
 

8. Final Inspection:
*Check for leaks again: Perform a final leak check on all connections.
*Reinstall panels: Replace any panels or covers that were removed during the installation.

9. Document and Monitor:
*Document the installation: Record all measurements, refrigerant levels, and any adjustments made.
*Monitor the system: After installation, monitor the system’s performance over the next few days to ensure everything is functioning correctly.

*Safety Tips:
- Always wear protective gear when handling refrigerants.
- Ensure the work area is well-ventilated.
- Follow all manufacturer instructions specific to the TXV and HVAC system.

If you're unsure about any step, it's always recommended to consult a professional HVAC technician.

Electronic Expansion Valves (EEVs) are components used in refrigeration and air conditioning systems to regulate the flow of refrigerant. They play a crucial role in controlling the superheat and ensuring efficient operation.

Electronic Expansion valves are used in refrigeration systems to precisely control the flow of refrigerant into the evaporator. You can find these on everything including :-

• VRF units
• Inverter mini splits
• Heat pumps
• Chillers
• AHU coils . Etc.

Here's a basic overview of how they work:
1.Sensing and Control: EEVs are controlled by an electronic controller that receives input from sensors. These sensors typically measure the temperature and pressure of the refrigerant at various points in the system.

2. Step Motor: The valve itself is operated by a step motor. The motor adjusts the position of the valve by moving a needle or plunger to open or close the orifice through which the refrigerant flows.

3. Modulating Flow: By precisely controlling the position of the valve, the EEV can modulate the flow of refrigerant entering the evaporator. This precise control allows for better regulation of superheat, which is the difference between the actual refrigerant temperature and the saturation temperature corresponding to its pressure.

4. Feedback Loop: The controller continuously receives feedback from the sensors and adjusts the valve position accordingly. If the superheat is too high, indicating that not enough refrigerant is entering the evaporator, the valve will open more to allow more refrigerant to flow. Conversely, if the superheat is too low, the valve will close slightly to reduce the refrigerant flow.

What Is The Advantage Of An Electronic Expansion Valve?
The electronic expansion valve features wide adjustment range, low temperature tolerance, remote control and adjustment, energy saving, precise control, fast response and many advantages.

The electronic expansion valve only takes a few seconds to go from fully closed to fully open state, the reaction and action speed is very fast, there is no static super heat phenomenon, and the opening and closing characteristics and speed can be set manually, especially suitable for heat pump units.

For thermal expansion valves, when the ambient temperature is low, the pressure change of the temperature-sensing medium inside the temperature-sensing bulb is greatly reduced, which seriously affects the regulation performance. For electronic expansion valves, the temperature-sensing components are thermocouples or thermal resistors, which are not affected by the ambient temperature. Therefore, the electronic expansion valve can also provide better flow regulation in low-temperature environments such as the freezing room.

The superheat setting value of the electronic expansion valve is adjustable. Just change the source code in the control program to change the set value of superheat. Unlike the thermal expansion valve, which needs to enter the cold storage and adjust on site. The adjustment of the electronic expansion valve can completely realize remote control, and the electronic expansion valve can be adjusted according to different needs. The superheat is flexibly adjusted to reduce the temperature difference between the surface of the evaporator and the environment inside the refrigerator, thereby reducing the frosting on the surface of the evaporator. It not only improves the freezing capacity, but also reduces the dry consumption of food.

The electronic expansion valve is energy saving. If the high and low pressure sides are connected during the shutdown, the refrigerant in the condenser will gradually flow into the evaporator, which will increase the temperature and pressure of the evaporator. When the compressor is turned on again, the additional energy of the compressor needs to be consumed to re-establish the differential pressure. Conversely, if the high and low pressure side is cut off during shutdown, although this maintains the low temperature and low pressure of the evaporator, when it is restarted, the compressor will start with heavy load, and the current will be large, which will also increase energy loss. However, if the electronic expansion valve is used, the above problems will be solved. The specific method is: when shutting down, the expansion valve is fully closed to prevent the refrigerant in the condenser from flowing into the evaporator, causing energy loss when restarting. Before starting up, fully open the expansion valve to balance the high and low pressure sides of the system, and then start up. This not only realizes light-load startup, but also reduces the heat loss during shutdown. In addition, the use of electronic expansion valve can shorten the freezing time. The electronic expansion valve can balance the load and cooling capacity during the whole freezing process, and the freezing efficiency can be improved. The freezing time can also be shortened by 10% compared with the thermal expansion valve. 

What is the disadvantage of electronic expansion valve?
The biggest disadvantages of electronic expansion valve is the price and complexity of components. The electronic expansion valve price is higher than thermal expansion valve.

In summary, EEVs work by using electronic sensors and a controller to precisely regulate the flow of refrigerant in a refrigeration or air conditioning system, ensuring optimal performance and efficiency.

• Replace all filters quarterly
• Inspect and clean evaporator and condenser coils quarterly
• Inspect and lubricate fan motors quarterly
• Replace all belts annually
• 30 Point Maintenance Check (see below list)

• S-lay: S-shaped curve is formed when the pipe curves downward while coming off the lay barge through the water until the pipe reaches the touchdown point. This method is different when compared to other methods because a stringer is used to support the pipe when it leaves the tensioner and the barge to avoid pipe buckling.
• J-lay: This method is named due to its J-shaped curve formed after the pipe reaches the touchdown point. It is simpler and can be used easily in deepwater as compared to the S-lay method.
• Reel-lay method: This method lowers the pipeline from the reel mounted on the vessel. It is able to install flexible pipes and smaller diameter pipes.
• Tow methods are used to suspend pipes in water through buoyancy modules. One or two tug boats are used to drop the pipes into place. The tow methods consist of bottom tow, off-bottom tow, mid-depth tow and surface tow.

• Comply with the durability requirements of Building Code clause B2 Durability
• Be compatible with the support
• Be installed to allow for thermal movement
• Be protected from freezing by insulation, or being buried below the level of freezing
• Be protected from damage
• Be wrapped in flexible material or sleeved when penetrating masonry or concrete.

• Use the table below to find the required amount of air changes per hour.
• Calculate the volume of the space to be conditioned in either m³ (for SI units) or in ft³ (for I-P units). Calculate the required airflow: Airflow

• Products such as vegetable, cut flowers, fruit and many grocery items cannot be brought back to original quality once they have lost their moisture. By installing an efficient humidification system this costly loss of products can be avoided. Many food processors humidify their plant and storage areas and are able to store fruits and vegetables for months without any loss of product quality or weigh. 
• For any product that requires a certain percentage of moisture to maintain its quality, loss of that moisture reduces its valve. Some products can be brought back to their original condition by returning the moisture to them. However, among those that cannot reabsorb moisture to regain their lost quality are fruit and vegetable products, paintings and art objects. 
• Deterioration caused by loss of moisture is also a problem for treasures such as antiques, rare books, and works of art, all of which are susceptible to damage caused by moisture loss. It causes antiques, paintings, paper and book bindings to crack, warp and deteriorate. Fortunately, most libraries and museums are well aware of the need for controlled humidity to protect their collections. They know that proper humidity control is a very inexpensive preventive measure that will avoid costly and often impossible restorations. 
• A specific moisture content in materials is essential to the quality of products produced by a wide range of manufacturers of hygroscopic or fibrous materials. Wood, paper and textiles are examples of materials particularly affected by changes in content. If these materials have a correct moisture content when they arrive at a plant, and if they are used immediately, they will respond properly to the manufacturing process. But problems can be anticipated if the materials are stored in a dry atmosphere. 
• Paper provides a good example of the effects of dry air and the lack of moisture stability. When it is stored under dry atmospheric conditions, moisture from the outer layers and edges of the stacks escapes into the air. The moisture loss is much more rapid from the outer edges than from the center of the stacks. The result is not only curled stock, but also uneven moisture content, which creates printing and processing problems. 
• If moisture stability in the surrounding atmosphere is the answer to a manufacturing operation, then complete humidification of the plant and storage areas is an absolute necessity. Humidification is the best and least expensive way of maintaining moisture stability. If the air surrounding the material is maintained at a proper and constant relative humidity level, so that no moisture is emitted or absorbed by the materials, then the products will remain stable in both moisture content and dimension. 
• Ideally, humidification equipment should be installed in raw material storage areas, manufacturing facilities, and finished goods’ storage rooms, for full control of the product moisture content.

• The advantage of conditioning the interior space of a building to increase productivity and reduce the downtime of machinery has been documented many times. Unfortunately it is usually equipment, such as computers and communications systems, that is placed in separate climate controlled rooms, while the majority of employees have temperature control only. 
• Temperature control must be combined with humidity control to maintain proper comfort parameters in an office environment. More than 75% of all I.A.Q. problems start with a comfort complaint. If this is not rectified, the employees will continue to complain and become less productive. 
• Temperature control alone does not take into account the physiological aspects of the employees. As demonstrated in Figure 3, indoor RH variations above and below the 40-60% range have a dramatic effect on the comfort and well being of employees. Humidity conditions above this range are usually controlled easily by the normal dehumidification process of the air conditioning system. However, as the cold, dry weather of winter approaches or in arid climates, the indoor RH can easily drop well below the recommended 40% parameter. It is not uncommon to find relative humidities in the 10-15% range in most offices during this period. This low RH creates comfort, productivity, and absenteeism problems costing immeasurable dollars to employers worldwide. Studies conducted by Dr. George Green of the University of Saskatchewan indicates that increasing the indoor RH from 20 to 30% will reduce absenteeism by 15%. This, along with the productivity increase that can be gained from additional comfort result in a real economic benefit from general office humidification.